Relación entre el uso de tabaco aromatizado y el inicio de tabaco y uso posterior entre jóvenes y adultos estadounidenses entre el año 2013 y el 2015

Importance  Flavors in tobacco products may appeal to young and inexperienced users.

Objective  To examine among youth (aged 12-17 years), young adults (aged 18-24 years), and adults (aged ≥25 years) the prevalence of first use of flavored tobacco products among new tobacco users and the association between first flavored use of a given tobacco product and tobacco use 1 year later, including progression of tobacco use.

Design, Setting, and Participants  This cohort study represents a longitudinal analysis of data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a nationally representative study with data collected in 2013 to 2014 (wave 1) and 2014 to 2015 (wave 2). Participants were noninstitutionalized individuals, including 11 996 youth and 26 447 adults, in selected households who participated in both waves of the PATH Study. Data analysis was conducted from July 2016 to June 2019.

Main Outcomes and Measures  Prevalence of tobacco product use at wave 2.

Results  The mean (SE) age of the participants was 14.5 (0.0) years for youth, 21.1 (0.0) years for young adults, and 50.3 (0.0) for adults. Most youth (71.9%; 95% CI, 69.7%-74.0%) and young adults (57.6%; 95% CI, 54.9%-60.3%) who were new users of tobacco products over the 10- to 13-month follow-up period used flavored products. First use of a menthol or mint or other flavored cigarette documented at wave 1 was positively associated with past 12-month and past 30-day cigarette use in all age groups at wave 2 compared with first use of a nonflavored cigarette (youth, flavored cigarette, past 12-month use adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.14 [95% CI, 1.05-1.25] and past 30-day use aPR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.00-1.31]; youth, menthol or mint cigarette, past 12-month use aPR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.08-1.29] and past 30-day use aPR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.04-1.37]; young adult, flavored cigarette, past 12-month use aPR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.04-1.15] and past 30-day use aPR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.06-1.21]; young adult menthol or mint cigarette, past 12-month use aPR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.05-1.16] and past 30-day use aPR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.07-1.23]; adult flavored cigarette, past 12-month use aPR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.05-1.15] and past 30-day use aPR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.04-1.14]; adult menthol or mint cigarette, past 12-month use aPR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.08-1.18] and past 30-day use aPR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.07-1.17]). Among young adults, first use of flavored e-cigarettes (aPR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.61-2.61), any cigars (aPR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.26-2.02), cigarillos (aPR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.08-2.05), filtered cigars (aPR, 3.69; 95% CI, 2.08-6.57), hookah (aPR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.23-2.98), and any smokeless tobacco (aPR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.08-2.20) was prospectively associated with current regular use of those products at wave 2 compared with first nonflavored use. Among adults aged 25 years and older, first use of flavored e-cigarettes (aPR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.41-1.82), any cigars (aPR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.29-1.87), cigarillos (aPR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.01-1.64), filtered cigars (aPR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.25-2.54), hookah (aPR, 5.66; 95% CI, 2.04-15.71), and any smokeless tobacco (aPR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.32-1.82) was prospectively associated with current regular use of those products at wave 2 compared with first nonflavored use.

Conclusions and Relevance  In this longitudinal cohort study, flavors in tobacco products were associated with youth and young adult tobacco experimentation. First use of a flavored tobacco product may place youth, young adults, and adults at risk of subsequent tobacco use.

Children prefer sweet flavors more than adults do,¹ and tobacco industry documents^2-5 confirm that flavors in tobacco products can increase their appeal to young and inexperienced tobacco users. Consistent with studies^6-8 on menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars, data from the first wave of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study^9-11 revealed a strong inverse age gradient in the prevalence of flavored tobacco product use, with the highest use among youth aged 12 to 17 years, followed by young adults aged 18 to 24 years, and the lowest use among adults aged 25 years and older. These data^9,10 also show a strong association between first use of a flavored tobacco product and current tobacco use among youth and adults.

Few longitudinal studies to date have examined the association between flavored tobacco product use and initiation or continuation of tobacco use, and these studies^12-14 have largely been limited to menthol cigarettes. These studies highlight that menthol brand recognition is associated with smoking experimentation among youth,¹² that adolescents who initiate smoking with menthol cigarettes are more likely to progress to established smoking by the end of 3 years than those who initiated with nonmenthol cigarettes,¹³ and that prior initiation with a menthol cigarette compared with a nonmenthol cigarette is associated with current cigarette smoking at follow-up among young adults.¹⁴ Five other cross-sectional studies^10,15-18 support these findings.

The current study extends prior research by leveraging longitudinal data from waves 1 and 2 of the PATH Study to assess whether there is a prospective association between first flavored use of a given tobacco product and subsequent use of that specific product (eg, e-cigarettes). In addition, this study examines whether first use of a flavored tobacco product at wave 1 is associated with progression to greater frequency of tobacco use at wave 2. The primary aims of this study are to report the proportions of new tobacco users at wave 2 whose first use of a given tobacco product was flavored (ie, first flavored use) and to assess the association between first flavored use of a given tobacco product at wave 1 and subsequent tobacco use, including frequency of tobacco use, at wave 2 for youth (aged 12-17 years), young adults (aged 18-24 years), and adults (aged ≥25 years).

The National Institutes of Health, through the National Institute on Drug Abuse, is partnering with the US Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Tobacco Products to conduct the PATH Study under a contract with Westat. The PATH Study is an ongoing, nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of adults and youth in the United States. The PATH Study uses audio computer-assisted self-interviews available in English and Spanish to collect self-reported information on tobacco-use patterns and associated health behaviors. Wave 1 data collection was conducted from September 12, 2013, to December 14, 2014; wave 2 data were collected from October 23, 2014, to October 30, 2015. The PATH Study recruitment used a stratified, address-based, area-probability sampling design at wave 1 that oversampled adult tobacco users, young adults (aged 18-24 years), and African American adults. An in-person screener was used at wave 1 to select youth and adults from households for participation.

The PATH study was conducted by Westat and approved by the Westat institutional review board. All participants aged 18 years and older provided written informed consent, with youth participants aged 12 to 17 years providing assent while their parent or legal guardian provided written informed consent. This study follows the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline for observational studies.¹⁹

Population and replicate weights using the balanced repeated replication method with the Fay adjustment (ρ = 0.3) were created that adjusted for the complex study design characteristics (eg, oversampling at wave 1) and nonresponse at waves 1 and 2. Combined with the use of a probability sample, the weights allow analyses of the PATH Study data to compute estimates that are robust and representative of the noninstitutionalized, civilian US population aged 12 years and older. The longitudinal sampling weights provided for wave 2 are adjusted for wave 2 nonresponse to ensure that the wave 1 sample is representative of the population in the longitudinal estimates. Further details regarding the PATH Study design and methods have been published elsewhere.²⁰ Details on survey interview procedures, questionnaires, sampling, weighting, and information on accessing the data are available online.²¹

At wave 1, the weighted response rate for the household screener was 54.0%. Among households that were screened, the overall weighted response rate at wave 1 was 74.0% for the adult interview and 78.4% for the youth interview. At wave 2, the overall weighted response rate was 83.2% for the adult interview and 87.3% for the youth interview.

At wave 1, interviews were completed with 32 320 adults (aged ≥18 years) and 13 651 youth (aged 12-17 years). At wave 2, interviews were completed with 28 362 adults and 12 172 youth. The differences in number of completed interviews between wave 1 and wave 2 reflect attrition due to nonresponse, mortality, and other factors. The sample at wave 2 also includes 1915 youth aged 17 years at wave 1 who responded to the youth questionnaire in wave 1 and then turned 18 and responded to the adult questionnaire in wave 2.²¹ Between waves 1 and 2, retention rates were 88.4% for continuing youth, 83.1% for continuing adults, and 85.7% for aged-up adults (18-year-olds at wave 2). Analyses in this study focus on respondents who provided data for both study waves (11 996 youth and 26 447 adults); unless otherwise stated, any references to age are based on age at wave 1.

Ever and current tobacco use was assessed at waves 1 and 2 among youth, young adults, and adults for cigarettes, e-cigarettes, traditional cigars, cigarillos, filtered cigars, hookah tobacco, pipe tobacco, smokeless tobacco (eg, moist snuff or chew), snus pouches, and dissolvable tobacco. Any cigar use was defined as using traditional cigars, cigarillos, or filtered cigars. Any smokeless tobacco use was defined as using smokeless tobacco or snus pouches. Youth, young adults, and adults who tried a tobacco product for the first time between waves 1 and 2 were defined as new users, with age at tobacco trial defined as their age at wave 1. Current use was defined in multiple ways as outlined in previous analyses²² and in the eTable in the Supplement. Participants missing data on moderate, frequent, or daily use of a product because of an instrument skip pattern were coded as not having the outcome and were included in the denominator.

At wave 1, ever cigarette users were asked whether, when they first used a cigarette (youth) or when they first started smoking cigarettes (adults), it was “flavored to taste like menthol or mint.” Ever cigarette users who replied “no” to the menthol question were then asked whether their first cigarette was flavored to taste like “clove, spice, candy, fruit, chocolate, alcohol (such as wine or cognac), or other sweets.” Two comparisons were made for cigarettes: first use of any flavored cigarette (including menthol/mint, as indicated in the survey) vs first use of a nonflavored cigarette, and first use of a menthol or mint flavored cigarette vs first use of a nonflavored cigarette with individuals who reported other first flavored cigarette use excluded from the denominator. Ever users of other tobacco products were queried about whether, when they first used the product (youth) or when they first started using the product (adults), it was “flavored to taste like menthol, mint, clove, spice, candy, fruit, chocolate, alcohol (such as wine or cognac), or other sweets” (eTable in the Supplement).

All covariates were assessed at wave 1 and were selected on the basis of previous work¹⁰ using this data set (eTable in the Supplement). Sociodemographic variables included self-reported age (adult only), sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and annual household income (adults only). Past 30-day use of alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs (eg, painkillers, sedatives, tranquilizers, or stimulants) was assessed; never users were categorized as reporting no past 30-day use. Respondents also completed the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs–Short Screener,²³ which measures severity of symptoms on 3 subscales (internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and substance use problems) in the past year (ie, 0-1 symptoms [no or low], 2-3 symptoms [moderate], and 4 or ≥4 symptoms [high], depending on the scale).

Data analysis was conducted from July 2016 to June 2019. Analyses were conducted using svy procedures in Stata/SE statistical software version 14.2 (StataCorp) to account for the complex study design. Analysis of new users focused on the prevalence of using a flavored product at first tobacco use at wave 2 (Figure). For all other analyses, the main outcome was current product-specific use at wave 2 as defined in the eTable in the Supplement. The prevalence of each outcome was estimated for youth, young adults, and adults aged 25 years and older according to age at wave 1. Estimates with denominators less than 50 or relative SE greater than 30% were suppressed.²⁴ Missing data on age, sex, race or Hispanic ethnicity, and adult education were imputed at wave 1 as described elsewhere.²¹ Participants missing any response to a composite variable (eg, any past 30-day tobacco use) were treated as missing; missing data were handled with listwise deletion. Multivariable models were built separately for youth, young adults, and adults aged 25 years or older; all models included sex, race/ethnicity, education, past 30-day alcohol, marijuana, or other drug use, and the 3 Global Appraisal of Individual Needs–Short Screener subscales as covariates. Adult models also included age and income. Modified Poisson regression models²⁵ estimated the association between first flavored tobacco use among ever users at wave 1 and current tobacco use at wave 2, as well as moderate, frequent, and daily use at wave 2. For the 3 products for which there were sufficient sample sizes in each of the age groups (flavored cigarettes, menthol cigarettes, and flavored e-cigarettes), we conducted multivariable multinomial logistic regression models of increasing frequency of tobacco use compared with no use from the mutually exclusive categories of tobacco use frequency. For all analyses, α was set at P < .05 using 2-sided tests. Stata’s svy commands used a logit transformation to produce confidence intervals with limits between 0 and 1.²⁶

The mean (SE) age of the participants at wave 2 was 14.5 (0.0) years for youth, 21.1 (0.0) years for young adults, and 50.3 (0.0) for adults. For adults who completed interviews at both waves, the comparable weighted age distributions were 13.0% aged 18 to 24 years, 8.5% aged 25 to 29 years, 9.1% aged 30 to 34 years, 16.7% aged 35 to 44 years, 34.6% aged 45 to 64 years, and 18.0% aged 65 years and older at wave 1. Detailed characteristics of the adult sample are presented elsewhere.²⁷

Between waves 1 and 2, 12.1% of youth (aged 12-17 years), 27.6% of young adults (aged 18-24 years), and 8.3% of adults (aged ≥25 years) became new users of a tobacco product (ie, were never users of a given product at wave 1; weighted percentages). Of these, first use of any product being flavored was inversely associated with age, with 71.9% (95% CI, 69.7%-74.0%) of youth, 57.6% (95% CI, 54.9%-60.3%) of young adults, and 44.6% (95% CI, 41.8%-47.4%) of adults aged 25 years and older whose first use of any tobacco product was flavored (Figure). First use of e-cigarettes and hookah being flavored was more prevalent among youth (e-cigarettes, 81.7% [95% CI, 78.9%-84.2%]; hookah, 70.9% [95% CI, 66.2%-75.2%]) and young adults (e-cigarettes, 71.7% [95% CI, 68.0%-75.2%]; hookah, 66.4% [95% CI, 61.8%-70.7%]) compared with adults aged 25 years and older (e-cigarettes, 53.7% [95% CI, 49.9%-57.5%]; hookah, 50.1% [95% CI, 42.3%-57.8%]); first use of any cigar and smokeless tobacco being flavored was more prevalent among youth (any cigar, 45.2% [95% CI, 41.1%-49.3%]; smokeless tobacco, 57.6% [95% CI, 50.9%-64.0%]) compared with adults aged 25 years and older (any cigar, 33.0% [95% CI, 29.1%-37.2%]; smokeless tobacco, 28.4% [95% CI, 18.2%-41.3%]).

Among ever tobacco users at wave 1, first use of a flavored cigarette was positively associated with past 12-month and past 30-day cigarette use, either flavored or unflavored, at wave 2 in all 3 age groups (Tables 1, 2, and 3) compared with first use of nonflavored cigarette, after adjusting for covariates (youth, past 12-month use adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.14 [95% CI, 1.05-1.25] and past 30-day use aPR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.00-1.31]; young adult, past 12-month use aPR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.04-1.15] and past 30-day use aPR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.06-1.21]; adult, past 12-month use aPR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.05-1.15] and past 30-day use aPR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.04-1.14]). First use of a menthol or mint flavored cigarette among ever cigarette users at wave 1 was also positively associated with past 12-month and past 30-day cigarette use among youth (past 12-month use aPR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.08-1.29] and past 30-day use aPR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.04-1.37]), young adults (past 12-month use aPR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.05-1.16] and past 30-day use aPR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.07-1.23]), and adults aged 25 years and older (past 12-month use aPR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.08-1.18] and past 30-day use aPR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.07-1.17]) at wave 2 compared with first use of a nonflavored cigarette. First use of any flavored smokeless product was also prospectively associated with past 30-day any smokeless product use among youth aged 12 to 17 years (aPR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.21-2.57) (Table 1). Low sample sizes limited estimation of the association between first use of a flavored tobacco product and moderate, frequent, daily, and current regular use of that product among youth (Table 1).

Among young adults, first use of flavored e-cigarettes (aPR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.61-2.61), any cigars (aPR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.26-2.02), cigarillos (aPR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.08-2.05), filtered cigars (aPR, 3.69; 95% CI, 2.08-6.57), hookah (aPR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.23-2.98), and any smokeless tobacco (aPR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.08-2.20) was prospectively associated with current regular use of those products at wave 2 compared with first nonflavored use (Table 2). Among adults aged 25 years and older, first use of flavored e-cigarettes (aPR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.41-1.82), any cigars (aPR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.29-1.87), cigarillos (aPR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.01-1.64), filtered cigars (aPR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.25-2.54), hookah (aPR, 5.66; 95% CI, 2.04-15.71), and any smokeless tobacco (aPR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.32-1.82) was prospectively associated with current regular use of those products at wave 2 compared with first nonflavored use (Table 3). First use of any flavored cigar product was positively associated with each measure of subsequent use among adults aged 25 years and older (12-month use aPR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.22-1.41]; 30-day use aPR, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.22-1.48]; ≥6-day use aPR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.08-1.70]; ≥20-day use aPR, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.06-1.95]; daily use aPR, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.08-2.07]; current regular use aPR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.29-1.87]) (Table 3) and with past 12-month (aPR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.10-1.29), past 30-day (aPR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27), and current regular use (aPR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.26-2.02) among young adults (Table 2).

Among both youth and adults aged 25 years and older, first flavored or menthol cigarette use assessed at wave 1 was associated with a higher relative risk of cigarette use in the past 12 months (youth, flavored, relative risk ratio [RRR], 1.47 [95% CI, 1.09-1.98] and menthol, RRR, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.17-2.21]; adults, flavored, RRR, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.09-1.63] and menthol, RRR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.14-1.73]), on 1 to 5 of the past 30 days (youth, flavored, RRR, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.20-2.40] and menthol, RRR, 1.93 [95% CI, 1.32-2.83]; adults, flavored RRR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.07-1.58] and menthol, RRR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.10-1.67]), and on all 30 of the past 30 days (youth, flavored, RRR, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.10-2.38] and menthol, RRR, 1.88 [95% CI, 1.25-2.82]; adults, flavored, RRR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.11-1.35] and menthol, RRR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.20-1.45]) compared with nonflavored cigarette use (Table 4). Among young adults, first flavored or menthol cigarette use was associated with use on all 30 days (RRR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.27-1.93] for flavored and 1.66 [95% CI, 1.33-2.06] for menthol). Among young adults, first flavored e-cigarette use at wave 1 was associated with higher relative risk of e-cigarette use in the past 12 months (RRR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.21-1.92), on 1 to 5 of the past 30 days (RRR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.24-2.10), on 6 to 19 of the past 30 days (RRR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.27-4.34), and on all 30 of the past 30 days (RRR, 3.24; 95% CI, 2.16-4.86) compared with nonflavored e-cigarette use. Among adults aged 25 years and older, first use of a flavored e-cigarette assessed at wave 1 was associated with greater frequency of e-cigarette use at wave 2 across all categories (past 12-month use, RRR, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.19-1.61]; 1-5 days in the past 30 days, RRR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.02-1.53]; 6-19 days in the past 30 days, RRR, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.03-2.01]; 20-29 days in the past 30 days, RRR, 2.09 [95% CI, 1.09-4.00]; and all 30 of the past 30 days, RRR, 2.38 [95% CI, 1.90-3.00]).

The current study found that (1) youth and young adults who were new users of a tobacco product at wave 2 (over the 10- to 13-month follow-up period) were more likely to try flavored tobacco products than adults; (2) first use of a flavored cigarette documented at wave 1 was positively associated with past 12-month and past 30-day cigarette use among youth, young adults, and adults aged 25 years and older at wave 2; (3) first use of a menthol or mint flavored cigarette documented at wave 1 was positively associated with past 12-month and past 30-day cigarette use at wave 2 in all age groups; (4) first use of flavored e-cigarettes, cigars, hookah, and smokeless tobacco was associated with subsequent use of those products at wave 2 among young adults and adults aged 25 years and older; (5) first flavored use of a cigarette, e-cigarette, any cigar, cigarillo, filtered cigar, hookah, and any smokeless tobacco documented at wave 1 was associated with current regular use of those products among young adults and adults aged 25 years and older at wave 2 compared with first use of a nonflavored product; (6) first flavored or menthol cigarette use was associated with progression to daily cigarette use at wave 2 in all age groups; and (7) first flavored e-cigarette use was associated with progression of e-cigarette frequency among young adults and adults aged 25 years and older. The age gradient in first use of a flavored tobacco product and positive association with subsequent tobacco use are consistent with the findings from prior studies.^9,10,12-18 These data support tobacco industry research^2-5 on the role of flavors to promote uptake in nonusers. The observation of significant prospective associations between first use of a menthol or mint flavored cigarette at wave 1 and continued cigarette use at wave 2 across all age groups adds novel insight to previous longitudinal studies²⁸ on the role of menthol in facilitating smoking initiation and progression and reducing cessation.

This study has several limitations. First, tobacco product use and flavored tobacco use in the questionnaire are based on the respondent’s perception of and ability to recall whether past or current products were flavored. Second, analyses examined continued use or progression of use over the 10- to 13-month follow-up period; thus, the analyses excluded participants who were missing data at 1 of the waves. The extent of missing data and the small number of observations for specific products limited the detection of certain associations from wave 1 to wave 2; this was especially an issue for the youth findings. Third, progression of tobacco use is known to occur over several years among young people,²⁹ and flavored use among adults was asked only of established tobacco users at wave 1; future studies that include experimental tobacco users and a longer follow-up period will inform estimates of the association of flavored tobacco with uptake and maintenance of tobacco use. Fourth, analyses were stratified by age, and, among adults, age was also included as a covariate; this does not fully account for potential cohort effects given differences in the availability of flavored tobacco products at the time of initiation, or the fact that estimates for the group of adults aged 25 years and older may be inflated because of greater smoking cessation among older adults.

The findings of this study suggest that flavors in most tobacco products are associated with youth and young adult tobacco experimentation; that first use of a menthol or mint flavored cigarette places youth, young adults, and adults aged 25 years and older at risk of subsequent cigarette smoking; and that first use of flavored e-cigarettes, cigars, hookah, and smokeless tobacco products can place young adults and adults at risk of regular tobacco use when examined prospectively. Additional longitudinal studies will allow for a better understanding of the role of flavors in tobacco use progression and trajectories over time.

Accepted for Publication: September 5, 2019.

Published: October 23, 2019. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.13804

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2019 Villanti AC et al. JAMA Network Open.

Corresponding Author: Andrea C. Villanti, PhD, MPH, Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, 1 S Prospect St, MS 482, Burlington, VT 05401 (andrea.villanti@uvm.edu).

Author Contributions: Dr Villanti and Ms Johnson had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Villanti, Johnson, Glasser, Rose, Conway, Cummings, Wackowski, Feirman, Bernat, Silveira.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Villanti, Johnson, Glasser, Rose, Ambrose, Stanton, Edwards, Delnevo, Wackowski, Bansal-Travers, Holder-Hayes, Green, Silveira, Hyland.

Drafting of the manuscript: Villanti, Johnson, Glasser, Delnevo, Silveira.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Villanti, Johnson, Rose, Ambrose, Conway, Cummings, Stanton, Edwards, Delnevo, Wackowski, Feirman, Bansal-Travers, Bernat, Holder-Hayes, Green, Silveira, Hyland.

Statistical analysis: Johnson, Glasser, Edwards, Wackowski.

Obtained funding: Ambrose, Hyland.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Villanti, Johnson, Glasser, Rose, Ambrose, Stanton, Edwards, Bansal-Travers, Bernat, Green, Hyland.

Supervision: Villanti, Conway, Feirman

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Ms Johnson reported receiving grants and personal fees from Westat and the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study during the conduct of the study. Dr Cummings reported receiving grant funding from Pfizer, Inc, to study the impact of a hospital-based tobacco cessation intervention and reported receiving funding as an expert witness in litigation filed against the tobacco industry. Dr Delnevo reported receiving grants from Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies during the conduct of the study outside the submitted work. Dr Wackowski reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health and the US Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products outside the submitted work. This article was prepared while Dr Conway was employed at the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, and the Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, under contract HHSN271201100027C to Westat.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: Representatives from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the US Food and Drug Administration contributed to the interpretation of the data and participated in the preparation, review, and approval of the manuscript.

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors only and do not necessarily represent the views, official policy, or position of the US Department of Health and Human Services or any of its affiliated institutions or agencies.